Freshwater is one of our most precious resources, and much of what we rely on comes from beneath our feet. Groundwater plays a vital role in our water supply, and understanding how it moves, collects, and resurfaces can help us appreciate the difference between two commonly used sources: springs and wells. While both tap into underground water, the way they do so is fundamentally different—and it all comes down to science.
What is Groundwater?
Groundwater is the water found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand, and rock. These materials, known as aquifers, act like natural sponges, soaking up and holding water. Over time, rainwater and surface water percolate down through the soil, replenishing these underground stores. The movement of groundwater is influenced by gravity and pressure. It slowly flows from areas of high elevation or recharge (where water enters the ground) to lower areas of discharge, where it emerges naturally or is extracted through human intervention.
Springs: Nature’s Overflow
Springs occur when groundwater pressure builds up and forces water to the surface naturally. This usually happens when an aquifer is filled to the point that water flows out through cracks or openings in the earth. Springs are often found in mountainous or hilly regions, where the geology creates a natural path for water to flow upwards or sideways out of the ground. Because springs are naturally occurring discharge points, they often produce exceptionally pure water—filtered through layers of rock and soil. This is why spring water is often prized for its clean taste and mineral content.
Wells: Human Access to Hidden Water
Wells, on the other hand, are man-made structures drilled or dug into the earth to access groundwater directly from aquifers. A pump or manual bucket system is typically required to draw the water to the surface. Wells can vary greatly in depth, depending on the location and the depth of the water table. Unlike springs, wells don’t rely on natural pressure. They give us the ability to access water in places where springs are not available, making them invaluable in agriculture, rural homes, and areas with low surface water availability.
Well Versus a Spring: What’s the Difference?
Though both springs and wells provide access to groundwater, the processes by which they do so are quite distinct. For a more detailed breakdown of the well versus a spring comparison—including practical uses, water quality differences, and more—visit this helpful guide by Kiewa Valley Spring Water.
The Role of Geology in Groundwater Flow
The flow and emergence of groundwater depend heavily on local geological formations. Impermeable rock layers can trap water above them, creating pressure that may result in a spring. Alternatively, permeable materials like gravel and sand allow water to flow freely, making them ideal zones for well installation. Understanding the surrounding geology helps hydrologists determine the best locations for wells and predict where natural springs may occur. This knowledge is critical in ensuring sustainable and safe water extraction.
Why it Matters
Whether you’re sourcing water for your home, your farm, or simply interested in where your bottled water comes from, understanding groundwater movement enhances your appreciation of this natural resource. Springs often provide a purer and more sustainable water source due to natural filtration and consistent flow, while wells offer reliable access in locations where surface water is scarce. In both cases, the science of groundwater movement underpins everything—from quality and taste to availability and environmental impact.